Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

In this paper, a new scheme for serial communication is proposed. In this method, in addition to the pulse states (high and low), either of negative slope or positive slope of the pulse (saw-tooth waveform) is employed as a representative for another digit. Using pulse slope as a representative for a separate digit will result in sending two-bit-digits using a single pulse, which doubles the transfer rate. The proposed scheme can be used in both synchronized and asynchronized communications and can improve communication speed. Through simulating the proposed scheme, it turned out that this method, because of its proper immunity to noise, can be used as a peripheral interface alongside in-chip communication. The main idea in the raised discussion is to obtain four different geometric pulse shapes acting as four different numbers in the quaternary numeric system, in which it can be serialized/desrialized as easy as pulse states. This proposed method and the suggested system for serialization and deserialization of data can be an adequate alternative in high-speed communication approaches.

Landslides move a huge volume of materials from a place to another place. Moreover, landslides may lead sediment to increase in Downstream of the basin which can be a threat to the populations and may cause erosion, in addition to affecting the landscape of the region. In this article, the landslide of Moallem-Kalaye in Alamut basin, one of the main sub-basins of the Shahroud, is investigated. The basis of the identification and studying of Moallem-Kalaye landslide is on field studies and Phenomenological interpretation. In this regard, in addition to the morphometry of different forms inside the landslide, the authors have climbed the surrounding heights and examined the role of related landforms in the happening of the catastrophic disaster. The topography prior to the landslide was rebuilt by the ArcGIS software and the result topography was analyzed against the current status. Next, the volume of the moved materials was estimated. The amount of the materials extracted in the landslide, by raster calculation in ArcGIS. The landslide of Moallem-Kalaye with the width of 1.3 kilometers (the crown part of the landslide), the longitude of 1.6 kilometers, and the average depth of 80 meters has taken place in the conglomerate of the Andj, which has moved a sum of 91 million cubic meters. The existence of a conglomerate with a very steep slope and marl filled with water, has led a wide area of materials to move. The area of the surface of failure has been roughly 2.632 square kilometers, the materials have scattered on a surface of more than 13.5 square kilometers. Findings show that weaker landslides in the upper side, ruins the hydrological situations of the lower side, regions and provides the grounds for huge landslide.

Background and objective: Over the last few decades, social movements have raised variety forms of collective behavior, which is in terms of objectives, nature and method of campaign totally different from classic movements. The new approach is concentrated on such a type of power which is described by Steven Lukes as “Third dimension of power”. The power has a different and new nature based on mentality processing and satisfaction. The type of vast cultural and social changes taken place in Iran, especially in megapolises. Meanwhile, expansion of communications has provided proper circumstances for formation of movements like this. The present research aims at identifying aspects of these movements and surveying the level of their tendency toward soft power. The basic question raised here is: “To what extent is the level of social movements approach oriented toward third power (soft power)?”Material: The research is of descriptive-survey type. A questionnaire based on Likert scale was used for collecting data from 72 commanders and managers who have had close relationship with social movements, in terms of its relevance with their professions. The samples were randomly selected in clusters.Findings: The research findings indicated that over the last few decades in Iran, social movements have had tendency toward third power (soft power). The movements have been oriented toward becoming cultural, value-based, satisfactory and avoiding violence. They have basically used some specific tools such as media, art, symbolism, etc. for displaying their objectives, and campaign. Therefore, their control and management should be fulfilled while taking into consideration these realities.

Environmental hazards invariably lead to significant human and financial repercussions, underscoring the crucial need to thoroughly investigate and recognize hazardous areas. Recognizing the importance of this matter, this study focuses on identifying regions susceptible to natural hazards within Roodehen’s urban area. To achieve the objectives, a variety of data sources, including a digital model with a 30-meter height resolution, a geological map at a scale of 1:100,000, a topographic map at a scale of 1:50,000, and additional information layers were harnessed as primary research tools. The research method integrated multiple analytical tools, incorporating a digital model with a 30-meter height resolution, a geological map at a scale of 1:100,000, a topographic map at a scale of 1:50,000, and various information layers. ArcGIS software served as a pivotal component in data analysis, bolstered by the fuzzy logic model and the ANP model. The approach encompassed a multi-step process commencing with the utilization of the integrated fuzzy logic and ANP model, driven by diverse parameters, to pinpoint areas susceptible to flood hazards, amplitude movements, and earthquake vulnerability. Consequently, a comprehensive hazard map of Roodehen’s urban area was formulated based on the obtained outcomes. The study underscores Roodehen's urban area as being at a heightened risk of natural hazards. Particularly, the western and northern regions exhibit elevated vulnerability due to their proximity to fault lines, earthquake centers, and steep slopes, making them susceptible to slope movements and earthquake hazards. Conversely, the central parts of the region, situated in close proximity to the river with low slopes and altitude, face a higher risk of flooding, and demonstrate significant earthquake vulnerability.

Two dimensional slope profile morphometric investigation in a part of the land failure prone Garhwal region of the Lesser Himalaya, Tehri district, U. P., India, indicates that the landslip morphology is closely related to the dominant movement processes active in this terrain. Technique developed for the morphometric analysis of landslips involves the use of five morphometric indices. Each index has been formulated to give an indication of the processes responsible for producing variation on landslip form. The measurements indicated the degree of dilation, flowage, displacement and tenuity. The depth/length ratio is used as a numerical parameter to classify landslips into process groups. Multivariate discriminant function criteria have been worked out to differentiate between various slope movement processes. The result indicated that among all two dimensional slope profile morphometric indices, Classification, Dilation and Tenuity indices contribute significantly in discriminating various slope movement processes. Based on these indices, bivariate and univariate plots have been prepared as discriminant tools to predict various types of slope movements.

New Social Movements: A Case Study of Emerging Environmental Movements Abstract The term modern social movements is used to describe movements that were active in France in the late 1960s through collective action in the social sphere. The most important new social movements are the civil rights movement, the women's movement, the peace movement and the environmental movement. The rapid growth of industrial and capitalist societies, regardless of environmental degradation, has created many problems. The most important problems are soil erosion, resource reduction, ozone depletion, greenhouse effects, extinction of animal and plant species and various types of soil and climate pollution. The combination of these factors has provided the basis for the formation and activation of environmental movements. The present paper tries to answer the question of how emerging environmental movements can be analyzed in the form of new social movements? And what are their effects on new social movements? Therefore, with the qualitative interpretive method, and the method of case studies, it examines the nature and why of emerging environmental movements. The research findings show that environmental crises and the need to solve environmental problems that have become a pervasive and global crisis, have provided the basis for the formation, activity and impact of emerging environmental movements. Therefore, in order to deal with the existing crises, emerging environmental movements first informed and increased public awareness, and then created pro-environmental organizations and groups, and finally, by entering In the field of politics, and using new tools and methods, they have expressed their demands and protests in a peaceful and non-violent way, in order to force governments to respond and finally enter directly into The field of politics as influential groups and political parties in the field of public policy. As a result, the volume and scope of social power and the political influence of emerging environmental movements have led to the revitalization and enrichment of new social movements; in a way that today they can be identified and analyzed as powerful social forces and influential actors in the field of political sociology. Keywords: New Social Movements, Emerging Environmental Movements, Social Forces, Methods of Action, Political Nature.

The spatial identity plan, and the effects that this component has on the analysis of the distribution pattern of natural and human phenomena, and their arrangement, have opened new horizons in the knowledge of geomorphology. In this article relying on drawing techniques, we examine the spatial identity of Lake Ovan in relation to mass movements of materials at a specific level and scale. For this purpose, we reveal the current state of domain movements with the help of offset tracking technique in the images of Sentinel 1 (2014- 2022) with the help of Snap software. Due to the fact that the detection of displacements is done in small parts of the images, we transferred their location data to Excel software to mosaic and surface reveal them together with the data of other parts of the basin in GIS software. According to the amount of changes calculated in the desired time series and their generalization to the topography of the region in the long time, the spatial identity of Ovan Lake was analyzed. Investigation and comparing the amount of total displacement indicates that the ascending images have reflected the total amount of displacements of the Ovan basin less than the descending images (44-7.5 mm), and usually the maximum displacements have been inclined to the upstream of the basin. The maximum displacements in the descending images varied between 1520 and 8.6 mm per year. Field observations confirm the maximum displacement reflected in the descending images.

In recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of various social movements in Western liberal democracies. These movements have their roots in a crisis of representation, which refers to the gap between citizens' aspirations and decision-making institutions in representative democracies. The aim of the present study is to investigate this crisis and conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of two dominant types of movements that have emerged in response to this crisis. The main question of the article is to explore the similarities and differences between late social movements in Western liberal democracies. In response, the hypothesis of the article posits that in circumstances where the emergence of new social and populist movements in the West can be viewed in response to the crisis of representation in the institutional structure of Western liberal democracies, these two types of movements differ in terms of ideology, organization, leadership, and perception of an ideal political society. To justify this hypothesis, a combined conceptual framework is employed, consisting of the elements of "politics of identity" and the dualism of pluralism and unity. According to this framework, the common element of late social movements can be identified as an "identity concern" stemming from the elitist structure of liberal democracy. However, due to differences in their interpretation of the "ideal society, " these movements differ in their characteristics and implications for the democratic system. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected based on the study of library resources and online databases.